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️ Python JSON/XML数据处理完全指南：从入门到实战

news 2026/3/27 6:21:39

数据交换格式是现代应用开发的核心。本文将深入讲解Python中JSON和XML数据的处理方法，从基础解析到实际应用场景。

📌 JSON数据处理

JSON (JavaScript Object Notation) 是轻量级的数据交换格式，易于人类阅读和编写，也易于机器解析和生成。

1. JSON基础

import json# JSON字符串示例
json_str = '''
{"name": "Alice","age": 25,"is_student": false,"courses": ["Python", "JavaScript", "Go"],"address": {"city": "Beijing","zipcode": "100000"}
}
'''

2. JSON解析 (loads)

import json# JSON字符串转Python对象
json_str = '{"name": "Alice", "age": 25}'
data = json.loads(json_str)print(data["name"])       # Alice
print(data["age"])        # 25
print(type(data))         # <class 'dict'># 处理JSON数组
json_array = '[1, 2, 3, "hello"]'
items = json.loads(json_array)
print(items)              # [1, 2, 3, 'hello']

3. JSON序列化 (dumps)

import json# Python对象转JSON字符串
data = {"name": "Bob","age": 30,"skills": ["Python", "Go"]
}# 基础序列化
json_str = json.dumps(data)
print(json_str)
# {"name": "Bob", "age": 30, "skills": ["Python", "Go"]}# 美化输出
pretty_json = json.dumps(data, indent=2, ensure_ascii=False)
print(pretty_json)

4. 文件读写

import json# 写入JSON文件
data = {"users": [{"name": "Alice"}, {"name": "Bob"}]}with open("data.json", "w", encoding="utf-8") as f:json.dump(data, f, indent=2, ensure_ascii=False)# 读取JSON文件
with open("data.json", "r", encoding="utf-8") as f:loaded_data = json.load(f)print(loaded_data["users"])

5. 处理特殊类型

import json
from datetime import datetime# 自定义JSON编码器
class CustomEncoder(json.JSONEncoder):def default(self, obj):if isinstance(obj, datetime):return obj.strftime("%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S")return super().default(obj)# 使用自定义编码器
data = {"name": "Event","time": datetime.now()
}json_str = json.dumps(data, cls=CustomEncoder)
print(json_str)

📋 XML数据处理

XML (eXtensible Markup Language) 是一种标记语言，常用于配置文件和数据交换。

1. ElementTree基础

import xml.etree.ElementTree as ET# XML字符串
xml_data = '''
<library><book id="1"><title>Python编程</title><author>张三</author><price>59.99</price></book>
</library>
'''# 解析XML
root = ET.fromstring(xml_data)

2. 遍历XML元素

import xml.etree.ElementTree as ETroot = ET.fromstring(xml_data)# 遍历所有book元素
for book in root.findall("book"):book_id = book.get("id")title = book.find("title").textauthor = book.find("author").textprice = book.find("price").textprint(f"ID: {book_id}, 标题: {title}")

3. XML文件读写

import xml.etree.ElementTree as ET# 创建XML树
root = ET.Element("config")
server = ET.SubElement(root, "server")
ET.SubElement(server, "host").text = "localhost"
ET.SubElement(server, "port").text = "8080"# 写入文件
tree = ET.ElementTree(root)
tree.write("config.xml", encoding="utf-8", xml_declaration=True)