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FastAPI（TortoiseORM+Aerich）和Flask（sqlalchemy+Migrate）数据库持久化

news 2026/3/26 20:06:55

一、FastAPI（TortoiseORM+Aerich）

demo项目结构：（migrations和pyproject.toml是持久化后生成的文件）

pip install tortoise_orm

pip install aerich

1.初始化数aerich配置，确定访问的数据库源，以及包含的models等

(.venv) PS D:\code\socketdemo01> cd src
(.venv) PS D:\code\socketdemo01\src> aerich init -t testapi_quickstart.settings.TORTOISE_ORM
Success writing aerich config to pyproject.toml
Success creating migrations folder ./migrations

2.初始化数据库（数据库需要提前创建，表不需要）只需要执行一次

pip install aiomysql

(.venv) PS D:\code\socketdemo01\src> aerich init-db
Success creating app migration folder migrations\models
Success generating initial migration file for app "models"
Success writing schemas to database "test"

3.生成迁移脚本（随意修改一个model，添加一个字段）

from tortoise.models import Modelfrom tortoise import fieldsclass Book(Model):id = fields.IntField(pk=True)name = fields.CharField(max_length=32, description="名称")desc = fields.CharField(max_length=32, description="描述")price = fields.IntField(default=0, description="价格")counts = fields.IntField(default=0, description="数量")# 一对多关系attrs = fields.ForeignKeyField("models.Attr", related_name="books")# 多对多关系plats = fields.ManyToManyField("models.Plat", related_name="books", description="书籍平台表")class Attr(Model):id = fields.IntField(pk=True)name = fields.CharField(max_length=32, description="属性名称")types = fields.CharField(max_length=32, description="属性类型")class Plat(Model):id = fields.IntField(pk=True)name = fields.CharField(max_length=32, description="平台名称")

(.venv) PS D:\code\socketdemo01\src> aerich migrate --name tbl_plat_add_desc_field
Success creating migration file 1_20251130204932_tbl_plat_add_desc_field.py

4.应用迁移脚本（将3.中生成的迁移版本应用到数据库）

应用前：

应用后：

(.venv) PS D:\code\socketdemo01\src> aerich upgrade
Success upgrading to 1_20251130204932_tbl_plat_add_desc_field.py

5.其他操作

a.查看历史迁移版本

(.venv) PS D:\code\socketdemo01\src> aerich history
0_20251130204549_init.py
1_20251130204932_tbl_plat_add_desc_field.py

b.回退迁移版本

(.venv) PS D:\code\socketdemo01\src> aerich downgrade
Downgrade is dangerous: you might lose your data! Are you sure? [y/N]: y
Success downgrading to 1_20251130204932_tbl_plat_add_desc_field.py

c.查看还未应用的迁移版本（可被迁移的版本清单）

(.venv) PS D:\code\socketdemo01\src> aerich heads
1_20251130204932_tbl_plat_add_desc_field.py

6.多数据源支持

TORTOISE_ORM = {"connections": {"default": "mysql://root:123456@127.0.0.1:3306/test","second": "postgres://postgres:123@localhost:5432/test",},"apps": {"models": {"models": ["aerich.models", "shop.models"],"default_connection": "default",},"models_second": {"models": ["user.models"],"default_connection": "second",},},
}

备注：

aerich.models 生成migrate持久化的版本信息表（如果需要重新执行2.），确保不报错，可以将migrations文件夹删除，并将aerich表清空

flask也可以类似操作

二、Flask（flask-migrate+sqlalchemy）

demo项目结构：（同理：migrations也是持久化后生成的目录）

pip install flask

pip install flask-sqlalchemy

pip install flask-migrate

pip install pymysql

1.初始化migrate配置（只做准备，不会直接应用schema;区别于aerich init-db）

(.venv) PS D:\code\zlgFlaskDemo> flask db init
config_name:develop
Creating directory D:\code\zlgFlaskDemo\migrations ... done
Creating directory D:\code\zlgFlaskDemo\migrations\versions ... done
Generating D:\code\zlgFlaskDemo\migrations\alembic.ini ... done
Generating D:\code\zlgFlaskDemo\migrations\env.py ... done
Generating D:\code\zlgFlaskDemo\migrations\README ... done
Generating D:\code\zlgFlaskDemo\migrations\script.py.mako ... done
Please edit configuration/connection/logging settings in D:\code\zlgFlaskDemo\migrations\alembic.ini before proceeding.

2.创建迁移脚本

(.venv) PS D:\code\zlgFlaskDemo> flask db migrate -m "初始化数据库"
config_name:develop
INFO [alembic.runtime.migration] Context impl MySQLImpl.
INFO [alembic.runtime.migration] Will assume non-transactional DDL.
INFO [alembic.autogenerate.compare] Detected added table 'abc'
INFO [alembic.autogenerate.compare] Detected added table 't_menu'
INFO [alembic.autogenerate.compare] Detected added table 't_role'
INFO [alembic.autogenerate.compare] Detected added table 'tb_category'
INFO [alembic.autogenerate.compare] Detected added table 't_role_menu'
INFO [alembic.autogenerate.compare] Detected added table 't_user'
INFO [alembic.autogenerate.compare] Detected added table 'tb_attribute'
Generating D:\code\zlgFlaskDemo\migrations\versions\43daf0e230e1_初始化数据库.py ... done

3.应用迁移

(.venv) PS D:\code\zlgFlaskDemo> flask db upgrade
config_name:develop
INFO [alembic.runtime.migration] Context impl MySQLImpl.
INFO [alembic.runtime.migration] Will assume non-transactional DDL.
INFO [alembic.runtime.migration] Running upgrade -> 43daf0e230e1, 初始化数据库