### 背景：在不同数据库迁移的项目中，往往会遇到SQL语法不兼容的情况。比如有的数据库支持PIVOT函数，有的不支持。遇到这种情况，就必须对PIVOT函数进行改写。
### 问题：如果存在大量代码需要改写的情况，靠人工处理会很耗时，且容易出错。能否通过工具实现代码语法的大批量自动转换？
### 方案：可以使用开源代码 解析器 ZGLanguage 对SQL代码进行大批量自动转换
### 案例演示：
# 存在 SQL PIVOT函数 如下所示：
SELECT *
FROM (select country,state,yr,qtr,sales,cogs from table111)
PIVOT
(SUM(sales) AS ss1,SUM(cogs) AS sc FOR qtr IN ('Q1' AS Quarter1,'Q2' AS Quarter2,'Q3' AS Quarter3,'Q4' AS Quarter4)
) tmp
;# 使用开源软件 ZGLanguage 执行转换，可得到结果：
SELECT *
FROM
(select ###,###,###SUM (case when qtr='Q1' then sales else null end) AS Quarter1_ss1,SUM (case when qtr='Q2' then sales else null end) AS Quarter2_ss1,SUM (case when qtr='Q3' then sales else null end) AS Quarter3_ss1,SUM (case when qtr='Q4' then sales else null end) AS Quarter4_ss1,SUM (case when qtr='Q1' then cogs else null end) AS Quarter1_sc,SUM (case when qtr='Q2' then cogs else null end) AS Quarter2_sc,SUM (case when qtr='Q3' then cogs else null end) AS Quarter3_sc,SUM (case when qtr='Q4' then cogs else null end) AS Quarter4_scfrom (select country,state,yr,qtr,sales,cogs from table111) where qtr IN('Q1','Q2','Q3','Q4')group by ###,###,###
) tmp
;# 转换规则如下所示 ：
__DEF_FUZZY__ Y
__DEF_DEBUG__ N
__DEF_CASE_SENSITIVE__ N__DEF_LINE_COMMENT__ --
__DEF_LINES_COMMENT__ /* */__DEF_STR__ __IF_KW__
<1,100>
[1,1]ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz
[0,100]ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz0123456789_
[NO] XXX__DEF_PATH__ __FROM_PIVOT_1_1__
1 : frm @ %__IF_KW__ | from: tab @ | __TABLE_NAME__: ssl @ + __SUB_SELECT__: pvt @ | pivot: x1 @ | (
N : fun @ | __NAME__ __//__ sum ....: fs @ | (: col1 @ | __NAME__: fe @ | ): as1 @ %__IF_KW__ CAN_SKIP | as: colas @ | __NAME__
e : dh1 @ | ,
1 : for @ %__IF_KW__ | for: col2 @ | __NAME__: in @ | in: x3 @ | (
N : val1 @ | __INT__: val2 @ + __STRING__: as2 @ CAN_SKIP | as: coln @ | __NAME__
e : dh @ | ,
1 : x4 @ | ): x2 @ | )
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 : frm @ | from: tab @ | __TABLE_NAME__: ssl @ | __SUB_SELECT__: pvt @ | pivot: x1 @ | (
N : fun @ | __NAME__: fs @ | (: col1 @ | __NAME__: fe @ | ): as1 @ | as: colas @ | __NAME__
e : dh1 @ | ,
1 : for @ | for: col2 @ | __NAME__: in @ | in: x3 @ | (
N : val1 @ | __\b__: val2 @ | __\b__: col2 @ | __NAME__: col2 @ | =: val1 @ | __INT__: val2 @ | __STRING__: as2 @ | as: coln @ | __NAME__
e : dh @ | ,
1 : x4 @ | ): x2 @ | )__DEF_PATH__ __FROM_PIVOT_1_2__
1 : frm @ %__IF_KW__ | from: tab @ | __TABLE_NAME__: ssl @ + __SUB_SELECT__: pvt @ | pivot: x1 @ | (
N : fun @ | __NAME__ __//__ sum ....: fs @ | (: col1 @ | __NAME__: fe @ | ): as1 @ %__IF_KW__ CAN_SKIP | as: colas @ | __NAME__
e : dh1 @ | ,
1 : for @ %__IF_KW__ | for: col2 @ | __NAME__: in @ | in: x3 @ | (
N : col22 @ | __NAME__: col23 @ | =: val1 @ | __INT__: val2 @ + __STRING__: as2 @ CAN_SKIP | as: coln @ | __NAME__
e : dh @ | ,
1 : x4 @ | ): x2 @ | )
--------------------------------------------------------------------
1 : frm @ | from: tab @ | __TABLE_NAME__: ssl @ | __SUB_SELECT__: pvt @ | pivot: x1 @ | (
N : fun @ | __NAME__: fs @ | (: col1 @ | __NAME__: fe @ | ): as1 @ | as: colas @ | __NAME__
* : col22 @ | __NAME__: col23 @ | =: val1 @ | __INT__: val2 @ | __STRING__: as2 @ | as: coln @ | __NAME__
e : coln @ | ,
1 : for @ | where: col2 @ | __NAME__: in @ | in: x3 @ | (
N : val1 @ | __INT__: val2 @ | __STRING__
e : dh @ | ,
1 : x4 @ | )
1 : x2 @ | )__DEF_PATH__ __FROM_PIVOT_1_3__
1 : frm @ %__IF_KW__ | from: tab @ | __TABLE_NAME__: ssl @ + __SUB_SELECT__: pvt @ | pivot: x1 @ | (
N : fun @ | __NAME__: fs @ | (: col1 @ | __NAME__: fe @ | ): as1 @ %__IF_KW__ CAN_SKIP | as: colas @ | __NAME__: col22 @ | __NAME__: col23 @ | =: val1 @ | __INT__: val2 @ + __STRING__: as2 @ %__IF_KW__ CAN_SKIP | as: coln @ | __NAME__
e : dh @ | ,
1 : for @ | where: col2 @ | __NAME__: in @ | in: x3 @ | (
N : val3 @ | __INT__: val4 @ + __STRING__
e : dh1 @ | ,
1 : x4 @ | ): x2 @ | )
--------------------------------------------------------------------
1 : frm @ STRING | from: pvt @ STRING | (select ###,###,###
N : fun @ | __NAME__: fs @ / (: col22 @ STRING \ case when: col22 @ / __NAME__: col23 @ / =: val1 @ / __INT__: val2 @ / __STRING__: col1 @ / then: col1 @ / __NAME__: col1 @ STRING / else null end: fe @ \ ): as1 @ | as: coln @ | __NAME__: coln @ \ _: colas @ \ __NAME__
e : dh @ | ,
1 : pvt @ | from: tab @ | __TABLE_NAME__: ssl @ | __SUB_SELECT__
1 : for @ | where: col2 @ / __NAME__: in @ / in: x3 @ \ (
N : val3 @ \ __INT__: val4 @ \ __STRING__
e : dh1 @ \ ,
1 : x4 @ \ ): x4 @ STRING | group by ###,###,###: x2 @ | )__DEF_SUB_PATH__ __TABLE_NAME__
1 : srctab @ | __NAME__
+ : schema @ | __NAME__: pp @ | .: srctab2 @ | __NAME____DEF_SUB_PATH__ __SUB_SELECT__
1 : x1 @ | __SUB____DEF_PATH__ __SUB__
1 : x1 @ | (
N : x2 @ | __ALL_STR__: x3 @ + __SUB__
1 : x4 @ | )__DEF_STR__ __ALL_STR__
<1,20000>
[1,20000]ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz0123456789`~!@#$%^&*-_+={}[]\|:;'"<,>.?/
__DEF_STR__ __NAME__
<1,100>
[1,1]ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz_??
[0,100]ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz0123456789_??
[NO] create insert update delete truncate drop merge table select inner left join on from where group order partition by having union all with as set between and or like in is not null case when then pivot lateral view
__DEF_STR__ __INT__
<1,100>
[1,100]0123456789
__DEF_SUB_PATH__ __STRING__
1 : x1 | ': x2 | __ANY__: x3 | '
### 转换规则详细说明：
以上PIVOT函数的转换规则比较复杂，不能一次性转换完毕，这里分成3次转换完成：
ZGLanguage -e PIVOT_UNPIVOT_SQL_REPLACE.syn -r pivot_unpivot.code -o 1_mid_result.zgl
ZGLanguage -e PIVOT_UNPIVOT_SQL_REPLACE.syn -r 1_mid_result.zgl -o 2_mid_result.zgl
ZGLanguage -e PIVOT_UNPIVOT_SQL_REPLACE.syn -r 2_mid_result.zgl -o result.zgl# 第1次转换规则 “__FROM_PIVOT_1_1__” 对源代码进行转换，完成 值“qtr” 和 枚举值 “Q1,Q2,Q3,Q4” 的一一映射关系，得到如下结果：
SELECT *
FROM (select country,state,yr,qtr,sales,cogs from table111)
PIVOT
(SUM(sales ) AS ss1 ,SUM(cogs) AS scFOR qtr IN( qtr = 'Q1' AS Quarter1 , qtr = 'Q2' AS Quarter2 , qtr = 'Q3' AS Quarter3 , qtr = 'Q4' AS Quarter4)
) tmp
;# 第2次转换规则 “__FROM_PIVOT_1_2__” 对 “__FROM_PIVOT_1_1__” 的转换结果(以上)再次进行转换。
完成：
(A) 聚合函数“SUM字段” 和 “qtr字段” 的笛卡尔积映射
(B) FOR 结构转成 where 结构
得到如下结果：
SELECT *
FROM (select country,state,yr,qtr,sales,cogs from table111) PIVOT
(SUM(sales) AS ss1 qtr = 'Q1' AS Quarter1 ,SUM(sales) AS ss1 qtr = 'Q2' AS Quarter2 ,SUM(sales) AS ss1 qtr = 'Q3' AS Quarter3 ,SUM(sales) AS ss1 qtr = 'Q4' AS Quarter4 ,SUM(cogs) AS sc qtr = 'Q1' AS Quarter1 ,SUM(cogs) AS sc qtr = 'Q2' AS Quarter2 ,SUM(cogs) AS sc qtr = 'Q3' AS Quarter3 ,SUM(cogs) AS sc qtr = 'Q4' AS Quarter4 where qtr IN('Q1' ,'Q2' ,'Q3' ,'Q4')
) tmp
;# 第3次转换规则 “__FROM_PIVOT_1_3__” 对 “__FROM_PIVOT_1_2__” 的转换结果(以上)再次进行转换。
完成：
(A) 对SUM开头的字段内容进行新增、位移、合并 等操作，形成语法正确的字段逻辑
(B) 剔除PIVOT关键字，移动子查询到 where 语句上方
(C) 新增待人工补充部分： select ###,###,### group by ###,###,###
得到最终结果：
SELECT *
FROM
(select ###,###,###SUM(case when qtr='Q1' then sales else null end) AS Quarter1_ss1,SUM(case when qtr='Q2' then sales else null end) AS Quarter2_ss1,SUM(case when qtr='Q3' then sales else null end) AS Quarter3_ss1,SUM(case when qtr='Q4' then sales else null end) AS Quarter4_ss1,SUM(case when qtr='Q1' then cogs else null end) AS Quarter1_sc,SUM(case when qtr='Q2' then cogs else null end) AS Quarter2_sc,SUM(case when qtr='Q3' then cogs else null end) AS Quarter3_sc,SUM(case when qtr='Q4' then cogs else null end) AS Quarter4_scfrom (select country,state,yr,qtr,sales,cogs from table111) where qtr IN('Q1','Q2','Q3','Q4')group by ###,###,###
) tmp
;### 新增待补充部分 “###,###,###” 说明：
1、通过简单的配置，不能直接转换成完全可用的SQL代码，有些代码部分依然需要人工补充
2、需要人工补充的部分，已经通过 ###,###,### 明显地标注出来
3、通过工具已经完成了大部分的转换工作，极大的减轻了人工参与的工作量，规避人工修改失误的风险
源代码下载： https://gitee.com/zgl-20053779/zglanguage