Java、Python、NodeJS等开发环境安装及配置镜像加速到国内源

Java

从图中可以看出，下载8/11/17三个版本即可，其他版本按需下载。

从图中可以看出，除了Oracle外，Amazon和Eclipse Adoptium都挺好。

来源：https://newrelic.com/resources/report/2024-state-of-the-java-ecosystem

1.我应该用哪个版本的JDK？

https://whichjdk.com/
首选Adoptium Eclipse Temurin 21，且需确保本地、CI（持续集成）和生产环境版本一致。

1.1 版本推荐

1.2 发行版推荐

• Adoptium Eclipse Temurin：Eclipse 基金会项目，高质量、 vendor-neutral（厂商中立）、经 TCK 测试，支持 LTS，强烈推荐。
• Amazon Corretto：AWS 提供，适合在 AWS 的 Amazon Linux 2 上运行，推荐。

1.3 下载JDK

https://adoptium.net/zh-CN/temurin/releases?version=8&os=any&arch=any

1.4 ubuntu版本

https://releases.ubuntu.com/

• Ubuntu 24.04.3 LTS (Noble Numbat) ›
• Ubuntu 22.04.5 LTS (Jammy Jellyfish) ›
• Ubuntu 20.04.6 LTS (Focal Fossa) ›

1.5 JDK镜像选择

https://hub.docker.com/_/eclipse-temurin

2.Windows

2.1 scoop方式安装JDK

scoopinstalltemurin8-jdk temurin17-jdk temurin21-jdk# 不建议scoopinstallcorretto8-jdk corretto17-jdk corretto21-jdk

3.Linux

3.1 apt方式安装JDK

aptinstallsoftware-properties-common-yaptinstallopenjdk-8-jdk openjdk-11-jdk openjdk-17-jdk openjdk-21-jdk-y

3.1.1 切换JDK

update-alternatives--configjava

3.1.2 验证版本

java-version

3.1.3 原理

# 入口: /usr/bin/java -> /etc/alternatives/java*ll /usr/bin/java# 切换： /etc/alternatives/java -> /usr/lib/jvm/java-21-openjdk-amd64/bin/java*ll /etc/alternatives/java# 版本目录：/usr/lib/jvmll /usr/lib/jvm

Python

1.Windows

1.1 scoop方式安装Python

scoopinstallpython38 python39 python310 python311 python312 python313 python314

1.2 uv方式安装Python（推荐）

scoopinstalluv

2.Linux

2.1 apt方式安装Python

aptinstallsoftware-properties-common-yadd-apt-repository ppa:deadsnakes/ppaaptinstallpython{3.7,3.8,3.9,3.10,3.11,3.12,3.13,3.14}-y

2.1.1 配置版本切换

update-alternatives--install/usr/bin/python python /usr/bin/python2.71update-alternatives--install/usr/bin/python python /usr/bin/python3.72update-alternatives--install/usr/bin/python python /usr/bin/python3.83update-alternatives--install/usr/bin/python python /usr/bin/python3.94update-alternatives--install/usr/bin/python python /usr/bin/python3.105update-alternatives--install/usr/bin/python python /usr/bin/python3.116update-alternatives--install/usr/bin/python python /usr/bin/python3.127update-alternatives--install/usr/bin/python python /usr/bin/python3.138update-alternatives--install/usr/bin/python python /usr/bin/python3.149

2.1.2 切换Python

update-alternatives--configpython

2.1.3 验证版本

python--version

2.2 uv方式安装Python（推荐）

curl-LsSfhttps://astral.sh/uv/install.sh|sh

或

wget-qO- https://astral.sh/uv/install.sh|sh

installing to /home/d/.local/bin uv uvx everything's installed! To add $HOME/.local/bin to your PATH, either restart your shell or run: source $HOME/.local/bin/env (sh, bash, zsh) source $HOME/.local/bin/env.fish (fish)

来源：https://docs.astral.sh/uv/getting-started/installation/

3.uv方式说明

uv pythoninstallpython3.7 python3.8 python3.9 python3.10 python3.11 python3.12 python3.13 python3.14

3.1 查看版本列表

uv python list

3.2 初始化项目

uv init

3.3 添加依赖

uvaddrequests

3.4 查看依赖

uv tree

3.5 同步依赖

uvsync

NodeJS

1.Windows

1.1 scoop方式安装NodeJS

scoopinstallnodejs16 nodejs17 nodejs18 nodejs19 nodejs20 nodejs21 nodejs22 nodejs23

1.2 nvm方式安装NodeJS（推荐）

scoopinstallnvm

2.Linux

2.1 nvm方式安装NodeJS（推荐）

curl-o- https://raw.githubusercontent.com/nvm-sh/nvm/v0.40.3/install.sh|bash

或

wget-qO- https://raw.githubusercontent.com/nvm-sh/nvm/v0.40.3/install.sh|bash

=> Appending nvm source string to /home/d/.zshrc => Appending bash_completion source string to /home/d/.zshrc => Close and reopen your terminal to start using nvm or run the following to use it now: export NVM_DIR="$HOME/.nvm" [ -s "$NVM_DIR/nvm.sh" ] && \. "$NVM_DIR/nvm.sh" # This loads nvm [ -s "$NVM_DIR/bash_completion" ] && \. "$NVM_DIR/bash_completion" # This loads nvm bash_completion

来源：https://github.com/nvm-sh/nvm?tab=readme-ov-file#install–update-script

3.nvm方式说明

3.1 安装版本

nvminstall23nvminstall22nvminstall21nvminstall20nvminstall19nvminstall18nvminstall17nvminstall16

3.2 查看版本列表

nvm list

3.3 切换版本

nvm use23

3.4 验证版本

node-v

配置国内源

1.linuxmirrors

https://linuxmirrors.cn/

• gitee

bash<(curl-sSLhttps://gitee.com/SuperManito/LinuxMirrors/raw/main/ChangeMirrors.sh)

• default

bash<(curl-sSLhttps://linuxmirrors.cn/main.sh)

• github

bash<(curl-sSLhttps://raw.githubusercontent.com/SuperManito/LinuxMirrors/main/ChangeMirrors.sh)

• auto推荐
  https://github.com/SuperManito/LinuxMirrors/blob/main/docs/use/index.md

bash<(curl-sSLhttps://gitee.com/SuperManito/LinuxMirrors/raw/main/ChangeMirrors.sh)\--sourcemirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn\--protocolhttp\--use-intranet-sourcefalse\--install-epeltrue\--backuptrue\--upgrade-softwarefalse\--clean-cachefalse\--ignore-backup-tips

• aliyun会报错（应该是请求太大被封了）

https://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu

bash<(curl-sSLhttps://gitee.com/SuperManito/LinuxMirrors/raw/main/ChangeMirrors.sh)\--sourcemirrors.aliyun.com\--protocolhttp\--use-intranet-sourcefalse\--install-epeltrue\--backupfalse\--upgrade-softwarefalse\--clean-cachefalse\--ignore-backup-tips

# 403 Forbidden You don't have permission to access the URL on this server. denied by IP ACL = blacklist --- Powered by Tengine CDN Request Id: 7c5fbe2b17549643434472542e

• tencent（不支持pve）
  https://mirrors.tencent.com/proxmox/debian/pve

bash<(curl-sSLhttps://gitee.com/SuperManito/LinuxMirrors/raw/main/ChangeMirrors.sh)\--sourcemirrors.tencent.com\--protocolhttp\--use-intranet-sourcefalse\--install-epeltrue\--backupfalse\--upgrade-softwarefalse\--clean-cachefalse\--ignore-backup-tips

E: The repository 'http://mirrors.tencent.com/proxmox/debian/pve bookworm Release' does not have a Release file.

2.pip国内源

• 清华贼快（推荐）
  https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/help/pypi/

• 腾讯（备用）
  https://mirrors.cloud.tencent.com/pypi/simple/

• 阿里贼慢还缺包
  https://developer.aliyun.com/mirror/pypi

• 豆瓣重定向到腾讯
  https://pypi.doubanio.com/simple/

python-mpipinstall-ihttps://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/pypi/web/simple--upgradepip pip configsetglobal.index-url https://mirrors.cloud.tencent.com/pypi/simple/ pip configsetglobal.extra-index-url"https://mirrors.cloud.tencent.com/pypi/simple/ https://mirrors.aliyun.com/pypi/simple"

# 阿里有时候缺包 (venv) d@d:~/SourceCode/test-gpu$ pip3 install torch torchvision torchaudio --index-url https://developer.aliyun.com/mirror/pypi Looking in indexes: https://developer.aliyun.com/mirror/pypi ERROR: Could not find a version that satisfies the requirement torch (from versions: none) ERROR: No matching distribution found for torch # 豆瓣重定向到腾讯了 (venv) d@d:~/SourceCode/test-gpu$ pip3 install torch torchvision torchaudio --index-url https://pypi.doubanio.com/simple/ Looking in indexes: https://pypi.doubanio.com/simple/ Collecting torch Downloading https://mirrors.cloud.tencent.com/pypi/packages/d1/35/e8b2daf02ce933e4518e6f5682c72fd0ed66c15910ea1fb4168f442b71c4/torch-2.5.1-cp311-cp311-manylinux1_x86_64.whl (906.5 MB)

3.maven和gradle国内源

参考：https://developer.aliyun.com/mvn/guide
.m2/settings.xml

<mirrors><mirror><id>aliyunmaven</id><mirrorOf>central</mirrorOf><name>阿里云公共仓库</name><url>https://maven.aliyun.com/repository/public</url></mirror><mirror><id>pentaho-public</id><name>Pentaho Public</name><mirrorOf>*</mirrorOf><url>http://nexus.pentaho.org/content/groups/omni/</url></mirror></mirrors>

\init.d\init.gradle

allprojects{repositories{mavenLocal()maven{name"Alibaba";url"https://maven.aliyun.com/repository/public"}mavenCentral()}buildscript{repositories{maven{name"Alibaba";url'https://maven.aliyun.com/repository/public'}}}}

4.npm

#npm config set registry https://registry.npm.taobao.orgnpmconfigsetregistry https://registry.npmmirror.comnpmupdate

5.apt国内源(backup)

#--quiet#-O filewget-qO- https://gitee.com/duhongming/shell-script/raw/master/mirrors/apt-sources.sh|bash

6.uv国内源

cat~/.config/uv/uv.toml[pip]index-url="https://mirrors.aliyun.com/pypi/simple/"extra-index-url=["https://pypi.org/simple"]