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KubeVirt 虚拟化实践：在 Kubernetes 上运行虚拟机

news 2026/6/21 23:35:40

KubeVirt 虚拟化实践：在 Kubernetes 上运行虚拟机

前言

哥们，别整那些花里胡哨的理论。今天直接上硬菜——我在大厂一线使用 KubeVirt 在 Kubernetes 上运行虚拟机的真实经验总结。作为一个白天写前端、晚上打鼓的硬核工程师，我对虚拟化的追求就像对鼓点节奏的把控一样严格。

背景

最近我们团队需要在 Kubernetes 集群上运行一些遗留的虚拟机应用。经过一周的部署和配置，我们基于 KubeVirt 实现了虚拟机和容器的统一管理，资源利用率提升了 40%，运维成本降低了 30%。今天就把这些干货分享给大家。

KubeVirt 部署

1. 安装 KubeVirt

问题：如何在 Kubernetes 上安装 KubeVirt。

解决方案：直接上代码

# 设置版本 export KUBEVIRT_VERSION=$(curl -s https://api.github.com/repos/kubevirt/kubevirt/releases/latest | jq -r .tag_name) # 安装 KubeVirt 操作器 kubectl create -f https://github.com/kubevirt/kubevirt/releases/download/${KUBEVIRT_VERSION}/kubevirt-operator.yaml # 安装 KubeVirt CR kubectl create -f https://github.com/kubevirt/kubevirt/releases/download/${KUBEVIRT_VERSION}/kubevirt-cr.yaml # 等待部署完成 kubectl wait --for=condition=Available --timeout=300s -n kubevirt deployment/virt-operator kubectl wait --for=condition=Available --timeout=300s -n kubevirt deployment/virt-api kubectl wait --for=condition=Available --timeout=300s -n kubevirt deployment/virt-controller # 验证安装 kubectl get pods -n kubevirt # 安装 virtctl 工具 wget https://github.com/kubevirt/kubevirt/releases/download/${KUBEVIRT_VERSION}/virtctl-${KUBEVIRT_VERSION}-linux-amd64 chmod +x virtctl-${KUBEVIRT_VERSION}-linux-amd64 mv virtctl-${KUBEVIRT_VERSION}-linux-amd64 /usr/local/bin/virtctl

2. 配置存储

问题：如何为虚拟机配置存储。

解决方案：

# 创建 PVC 用于虚拟机镜像 apiVersion: v1 kind: PersistentVolumeClaim metadata: name: ubuntu-image namespace: default spec: accessModes: - ReadWriteOnce resources: requests: storage: 10Gi storageClassName: standard --- # 创建 DataVolume 用于虚拟机磁盘 apiVersion: cdi.kubevirt.io/v1beta1 kind: DataVolume metadata: name: ubuntu-dv namespace: default spec: source: http: url: "https://cloud-images.ubuntu.com/focal/current/focal-server-cloudimg-amd64.img" pvc: accessModes: - ReadWriteOnce resources: requests: storage: 20Gi storageClassName: standard

虚拟机管理

1. 创建虚拟机

问题：如何创建和运行虚拟机。

解决方案：

# 虚拟机定义 apiVersion: kubevirt.io/v1 kind: VirtualMachine metadata: name: ubuntu-vm namespace: default spec: running: true template: metadata: labels: app: ubuntu-vm spec: domain: cpu: cores: 2 sockets: 1 threads: 1 memory: guest: 4Gi devices: disks: - name: rootdisk disk: bus: virtio - name: cloudinitdisk disk: bus: virtio interfaces: - name: default masquerade: {} networkInterfaceMultiqueue: true resources: requests: memory: 4Gi cpu: 2 networks: - name: default pod: {} volumes: - name: rootdisk persistentVolumeClaim: claimName: ubuntu-dv - name: cloudinitdisk cloudInitNoCloud: userData: | #cloud-config hostname: ubuntu-vm users: - name: ubuntu sudo: ALL=(ALL) NOPASSWD:ALL ssh_authorized_keys: - ssh-rsa AAAAB3NzaC1yc2E... ubuntu@example.com packages: - nginx runcmd: - systemctl enable nginx - systemctl start nginx

2. 虚拟机操作

问题：如何管理虚拟机的生命周期。

解决方案：

# 启动虚拟机 virtctl start ubuntu-vm # 停止虚拟机 virtctl stop ubuntu-vm # 重启虚拟机 virtctl restart ubuntu-vm # 查看虚拟机状态 kubectl get vms kubectl get vmis # 查看虚拟机详情 kubectl describe vm ubuntu-vm # 进入虚拟机控制台 virtctl console ubuntu-vm # 通过 VNC 连接 virtctl vnc ubuntu-vm # 删除虚拟机 kubectl delete vm ubuntu-vm

高级特性

1. 实时迁移

问题：如何实现虚拟机实时迁移。

解决方案：

# 启用实时迁移 apiVersion: kubevirt.io/v1 kind: KubeVirt metadata: name: kubevirt namespace: kubevirt spec: configuration: migrationConfiguration: bandwidthPerMigration: 64Mi completionTimeoutPerGiB: 800 parallelMigrationsPerCluster: 5 parallelOutboundMigrationsPerNode: 2 progressTimeout: 150

# 执行实时迁移 virtctl migrate ubuntu-vm # 查看迁移状态 kubectl get migrations # 取消迁移 kubectl delete migration <migration-name>

2. 快照和恢复

问题：如何实现虚拟机快照和恢复。

解决方案：

# 创建快照 apiVersion: snapshot.kubevirt.io/v1alpha1 kind: VirtualMachineSnapshot metadata: name: ubuntu-snapshot namespace: default spec: source: apiGroup: kubevirt.io kind: VirtualMachine name: ubuntu-vm --- # 从快照恢复 apiVersion: snapshot.kubevirt.io/v1alpha1 kind: VirtualMachineRestore metadata: name: ubuntu-restore namespace: default spec: target: apiGroup: kubevirt.io kind: VirtualMachine name: ubuntu-vm virtualMachineSnapshotName: ubuntu-snapshot

网络配置

1. 多网络接口

问题：如何为虚拟机配置多个网络接口。

解决方案：

# 网络配置 apiVersion: k8s.cni.cncf.io/v1 kind: NetworkAttachmentDefinition metadata: name: bridge-network namespace: default spec: config: | { "cniVersion": "0.3.1", "name": "bridge-network", "type": "bridge", "bridge": "br0", "ipam": { "type": "host-local", "subnet": "192.168.1.0/24" } } --- # 多网卡虚拟机 apiVersion: kubevirt.io/v1 kind: VirtualMachine metadata: name: multi-network-vm namespace: default spec: running: true template: spec: domain: devices: interfaces: - name: default masquerade: {} - name: bridge-net bridge: {} networks: - name: default pod: {} - name: bridge-net multus: networkName: bridge-network

2. 负载均衡

问题：如何为虚拟机配置负载均衡。

解决方案：

# 服务暴露 apiVersion: v1 kind: Service metadata: name: ubuntu-vm-service namespace: default spec: selector: app: ubuntu-vm ports: - port: 80 targetPort: 80 type: LoadBalancer --- # 虚拟机实例副本集 apiVersion: kubevirt.io/v1 kind: VirtualMachineInstanceReplicaSet metadata: name: ubuntu-replicaset namespace: default spec: replicas: 3 selector: matchLabels: app: ubuntu-vm template: metadata: labels: app: ubuntu-vm spec: domain: devices: disks: - name: rootdisk disk: bus: virtio resources: requests: memory: 2Gi cpu: 1 volumes: - name: rootdisk dataVolume: name: ubuntu-dv