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Spring Cloud微服务实战：服务注册、网关、负载均衡全家桶指南

news 2026/7/12 9:42:56

前言

Spring Cloud是Java微服务开发的事实标准，但很多开发者对它的核心组件还是一知半解。本文从零搭建一个完整的微服务项目，涵盖服务注册（Nacos）、网关（Spring Cloud Gateway）、负载均衡（LoadBalancer）三大核心组件。

一、项目架构

microservice-demo/
├── service-gateway/        # API网关 (8080)
├── service-user/           # 用户服务 (8081)
├── service-order/          # 订单服务 (8082)
└── pom.xml                 # 父POM

二、依赖版本管理

<properties><java.version>17</java.version><spring-boot.version>3.2.0</spring-boot.version><spring-cloud.version>2023.0.0</spring-cloud.version><spring-cloud-alibaba.version>2023.0.0.0</spring-cloud-alibaba.version>
</properties><dependencyManagement><dependencies><dependency><groupId>org.springframework.cloud</groupId><artifactId>spring-cloud-dependencies</artifactId><version>${spring-cloud.version}</version><type>pom</type><scope>import</scope></dependency><dependency><groupId>com.alibaba.cloud</groupId><artifactId>spring-cloud-alibaba-dependencies</artifactId><version>${spring-cloud-alibaba.version}</version><type>pom</type><scope>import</scope></dependency></dependencies>
</dependencyManagement>

三、服务注册中心 - Nacos

1. 下载安装Nacos

# 下载Nacos
wget https://github.com/alibaba/nacos/releases/download/2.3.0/nacos-server-2.3.0.zip
unzip nacos-server-2.3.0.zip
cd nacos/bin
# 单机启动
./startup.sh -m standalone

2. 服务注册配置

# application.yml (用户服务)
spring:application:name: service-usercloud:nacos:discovery:server-addr: localhost:8848namespace: devserver:port: 8081

3. 启动类

@SpringBootApplication
@EnableDiscoveryClient
public class UserServiceApplication {public static void main(String[] args) {SpringApplication.run(UserServiceApplication.class, args);}
}

四、API网关 - Spring Cloud Gateway

1. 添加依赖

<dependency><groupId>org.springframework.cloud</groupId><artifactId>spring-cloud-starter-gateway</artifactId>
</dependency>
<dependency><groupId>com.alibaba.cloud</groupId><artifactId>spring-cloud-starter-alibaba-nacos-discovery</artifactId>
</dependency>
<dependency><groupId>org.springframework.cloud</groupId><artifactId>spring-cloud-starter-loadbalancer</artifactId>
</dependency>

2. 网关路由配置

spring:application:name: service-gatewaycloud:nacos:discovery:server-addr: localhost:8848gateway:routes:- id: user-serviceuri: lb://service-user    # lb表示负载均衡predicates:- Path=/api/user/**filters:- StripPrefix=1        # 去掉/api前缀- id: order-serviceuri: lb://service-orderpredicates:- Path=/api/order/**filters:- StripPrefix=1# 跨域配置globalcors:cors-configurations:'[/**]':allowedOrigins: "*"allowedMethods: "*"allowedHeaders: "*"server:port: 8080

五、服务间调用 + 负载均衡

@RestController
@RequestMapping("/user")
@RequiredArgsConstructor
public class UserController {private final RestTemplate restTemplate;private final DiscoveryClient discoveryClient;// 方式1：使用RestTemplate + LoadBalancer@GetMapping("/{id}")public User getUser(@PathVariable Long id) {return restTemplate.getForObject("http://service-order/order/" + id, Order.class);}// 方式2：使用OpenFeign（推荐）// 定义Feign接口
}// Feign接口
@FeignClient(name = "service-order")
public interface OrderFeignClient {@GetMapping("/order/{userId}")List<Order> getOrdersByUserId(@PathVariable Long userId);
}// 在启动类上添加
@EnableFeignClients

六、负载均衡策略配置

# application.yml
service-order:ribbon:NFLoadBalancerRuleClassName: com.netflix.loadbalancer.RandomRule# 或通过配置类
@Configuration
public class LoadBalancerConfig {@Beanpublic ReactorLoadBalancer<ServiceInstance> randomLoadBalancer(Environment environment, LoadBalancerClientFactory factory) {String name = environment.getProperty(LoadBalancerClientFactory.PROPERTY_NAME);return new RandomLoadBalancer(factory.getLazyProvider(name, ServiceInstanceListSupplier.class),name);}
}