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Python 自动化测试高级应用指南

news 2026/4/30 15:19:40

Python 自动化测试高级应用指南

1. 自动化测试基础

Python 的自动化测试主要通过 unittest 和 pytest 等框架实现。

# unittest 基础 import unittest class TestMath(unittest.TestCase): def test_add(self): self.assertEqual(1 + 1, 2) def test_subtract(self): self.assertEqual(5 - 3, 2) if __name__ == '__main__': unittest.main()

2. unittest 高级应用

2.1 测试夹具

import unittest class TestMath(unittest.TestCase): def setUp(self): # 测试前的准备工作 self.numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5] def tearDown(self): # 测试后的清理工作 self.numbers = None def test_sum(self): self.assertEqual(sum(self.numbers), 15) def test_average(self): self.assertEqual(sum(self.numbers) / len(self.numbers), 3.0) if __name__ == '__main__': unittest.main()

2.2 测试套件

import unittest class TestMath(unittest.TestCase): def test_add(self): self.assertEqual(1 + 1, 2) def test_subtract(self): self.assertEqual(5 - 3, 2) class TestString(unittest.TestCase): def test_length(self): self.assertEqual(len("hello"), 5) def test_upper(self): self.assertEqual("hello".upper(), "HELLO") # 创建测试套件 suite = unittest.TestSuite() suite.addTest(TestMath('test_add')) suite.addTest(TestMath('test_subtract')) suite.addTest(TestString('test_length')) suite.addTest(TestString('test_upper')) # 运行测试套件 if __name__ == '__main__': runner = unittest.TextTestRunner() runner.run(suite)

2.3 断言方法

import unittest class TestAssertions(unittest.TestCase): def test_equal(self): self.assertEqual(1 + 1, 2) def test_not_equal(self): self.assertNotEqual(1 + 1, 3) def test_true(self): self.assertTrue(1 + 1 == 2) def test_false(self): self.assertFalse(1 + 1 == 3) def test_is_none(self): self.assertIsNone(None) def test_is_not_none(self): self.assertIsNotNone("hello") def test_in(self): self.assertIn(1, [1, 2, 3]) def test_not_in(self): self.assertNotIn(4, [1, 2, 3]) if __name__ == '__main__': unittest.main()

3. pytest 高级应用

3.1 基本测试

# test_math.py def test_add(): assert 1 + 1 == 2 def test_subtract(): assert 5 - 3 == 2 # 运行测试 # pytest test_math.py -v

3.2 测试夹具

import pytest @pytest.fixture def numbers(): return [1, 2, 3, 4, 5] def test_sum(numbers): assert sum(numbers) == 15 def test_average(numbers): assert sum(numbers) / len(numbers) == 3.0 # 运行测试 # pytest test_math.py -v

3.3 参数化测试

import pytest @pytest.mark.parametrize("a, b, expected", [ (1, 1, 2), (2, 3, 5), (5, 5, 10) ]) def test_add(a, b, expected): assert a + b == expected @pytest.mark.parametrize("a, b, expected", [ (5, 3, 2), (10, 4, 6), (7, 2, 5) ]) def test_subtract(a, b, expected): assert a - b == expected # 运行测试 # pytest test_math.py -v

3.4 测试标记

import pytest @pytest.mark.slow def test_slow_operation(): # 模拟慢操作 import time time.sleep(2) assert 1 + 1 == 2 @pytest.mark.skip(reason="暂时跳过") def test_skip(): assert 1 + 1 == 2 @pytest.mark.xfail(reason="预期失败") def test_xfail(): assert 1 + 1 == 3 # 运行测试 # pytest test_math.py -v # pytest test_math.py -v -m "not slow"

4. 实际应用场景

4.1 单元测试

# math.py def add(a, b): return a + b def subtract(a, b): return a - b def multiply(a, b): return a * b def divide(a, b): if b == 0: raise ValueError("除数不能为零") return a / b # test_math.py import pytest from math import add, subtract, multiply, divide def test_add(): assert add(1, 2) == 3 assert add(-1, 1) == 0 assert add(0, 0) == 0 def test_subtract(): assert subtract(5, 3) == 2 assert subtract(3, 5) == -2 assert subtract(0, 0) == 0 def test_multiply(): assert multiply(2, 3) == 6 assert multiply(-1, 1) == -1 assert multiply(0, 5) == 0 def test_divide(): assert divide(6, 3) == 2 assert divide(5, 2) == 2.5 with pytest.raises(ValueError): divide(1, 0) # 运行测试 # pytest test_math.py -v

4.2 集成测试

# app.py class User: def __init__(self, name, email): self.name = name self.email = email class UserService: def __init__(self): self.users = [] def add_user(self, name, email): user = User(name, email) self.users.append(user) return user def get_user_by_email(self, email): for user in self.users: if user.email == email: return user return None # test_integration.py import pytest from app import UserService def test_user_service(): # 创建服务实例 service = UserService() # 添加用户 user = service.add_user("Alice", "alice@example.com") assert user.name == "Alice" assert user.email == "alice@example.com" # 根据邮箱获取用户 found_user = service.get_user_by_email("alice@example.com") assert found_user is not None assert found_user.name == "Alice" # 获取不存在的用户 not_found_user = service.get_user_by_email("bob@example.com") assert not_found_user is None # 运行测试 # pytest test_integration.py -v

4.3 Web 测试

# test_web.py import pytest from flask import Flask from flask.testing import FlaskClient app = Flask(__name__) @app.route('/') def hello(): return 'Hello, World!' @app.route('/users/<int:user_id>') def get_user(user_id): return f'User {user_id}' @pytest.fixture def client(): app.config['TESTING'] = True with app.test_client() as client: yield client def test_hello(client: FlaskClient): response = client.get('/') assert response.status_code == 200 assert response.data == b'Hello, World!' def test_get_user(client: FlaskClient): response = client.get('/users/1') assert response.status_code == 200 assert response.data == b'User 1' # 运行测试 # pytest test_web.py -v

4.4 数据库测试

# test_database.py import pytest import sqlite3 @pytest.fixture def db(): # 创建内存数据库 conn = sqlite3.connect(':memory:') cursor = conn.cursor() # 创建表 cursor.execute(''' CREATE TABLE users ( id INTEGER PRIMARY KEY, name TEXT, email TEXT ) ''') conn.commit() yield conn # 清理 conn.close() def test_insert_user(db): cursor = db.cursor() # 插入用户 cursor.execute('INSERT INTO users (name, email) VALUES (?, ?)', ('Alice', 'alice@example.com')) db.commit() # 验证插入 cursor.execute('SELECT * FROM users WHERE email = ?', ('alice@example.com',)) user = cursor.fetchone() assert user is not None assert user[1] == 'Alice' assert user[2] == 'alice@example.com' def test_update_user(db): cursor = db.cursor() # 插入用户 cursor.execute('INSERT INTO users (name, email) VALUES (?, ?)', ('Alice', 'alice@example.com')) db.commit() # 更新用户 cursor.execute('UPDATE users SET name = ? WHERE email = ?', ('Alice Smith', 'alice@example.com')) db.commit() # 验证更新 cursor.execute('SELECT * FROM users WHERE email = ?', ('alice@example.com',)) user = cursor.fetchone() assert user[1] == 'Alice Smith' def test_delete_user(db): cursor = db.cursor() # 插入用户 cursor.execute('INSERT INTO users (name, email) VALUES (?, ?)', ('Alice', 'alice@example.com')) db.commit() # 删除用户 cursor.execute('DELETE FROM users WHERE email = ?', ('alice@example.com',)) db.commit() # 验证删除 cursor.execute('SELECT * FROM users WHERE email = ?', ('alice@example.com',)) user = cursor.fetchone() assert user is None # 运行测试 # pytest test_database.py -v