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微服务架构：API网关与服务发现

news 2026/5/27 12:04:58

微服务架构：API网关与服务发现

大家好，我是欧阳瑞（Rich Own）。今天想和大家聊聊微服务架构这个重要话题。作为一个全栈开发者，API网关和服务发现是微服务架构的核心组件。今天就来分享一下API网关和服务发现的实战经验。

微服务架构概述

什么是微服务？

微服务是一种架构风格 将应用拆分成多个独立的服务 每个服务独立部署和扩展

核心组件

组件	说明
API网关	统一入口，路由转发
服务发现	服务注册和发现
负载均衡	流量分发
熔断降级	故障处理

API网关

Kong配置

# docker-compose.yml version: '3.7' services: kong: image: kong:latest ports: - "8000:8000" - "8443:8443" - "8001:8001" environment: KONG_DATABASE: postgres KONG_PG_HOST: kong-db KONG_PG_USER: kong KONG_PG_PASSWORD: kong

添加服务

# 添加服务 curl -X POST http://localhost:8001/services \ --data name=user-service \ --data url=http://user-service:3000 # 添加路由 curl -X POST http://localhost:8001/services/user-service/routes \ --data paths[]=/api/users

配置插件

# 添加认证插件 curl -X POST http://localhost:8001/services/user-service/plugins \ --data name=key-auth # 添加限流插件 curl -X POST http://localhost:8001/services/user-service/plugins \ --data name=rate-limiting \ --data config.minute=100 \ --data config.hour=1000

服务发现

Consul配置

# docker-compose.yml version: '3.7' services: consul: image: consul:latest ports: - "8500:8500" - "8600:8600/udp" command: agent -server -ui -node=server-1 -bootstrap-expect=1

服务注册

const consul = require('consul')(); async function registerService() { await consul.agent.service.register({ name: 'user-service', address: 'localhost', port: 3000, check: { http: 'http://localhost:3000/health', interval: '10s', timeout: '5s' } }); }

服务发现

async function discoverService(serviceName) { const result = await consul.catalog.service.nodes(serviceName); const nodes = result.map(node => `${node.Address}:${node.ServicePort}`); return nodes; }

实战案例：完整微服务架构

class APIGateway { constructor() { this.routes = {}; this.serviceDiscovery = new ServiceDiscovery(); } async handleRequest(req) { const route = this.findRoute(req.path); if (!route) { return { status: 404, body: 'Not found' }; } const serviceNodes = await this.serviceDiscovery.discover(route.service); if (serviceNodes.length === 0) { return { status: 503, body: 'Service unavailable' }; } // 负载均衡 const target = this.selectNode(serviceNodes); // 转发请求 const response = await this.forwardRequest(req, target); return response; } selectNode(nodes) { // 简单轮询 return nodes[Math.floor(Math.random() * nodes.length)]; } }

最佳实践

1. 健康检查

// 健康检查端点 app.get('/health', (req, res) => { const health = { status: 'healthy', timestamp: Date.now(), uptime: process.uptime() }; res.json(health); });

2. 日志追踪

// 分布式追踪 app.use((req, res, next) => { const traceId = req.headers['x-trace-id'] || uuid.v4(); req.traceId = traceId; res.on('finish', () => { console.log(`${traceId} ${req.method} ${req.path} ${res.statusCode}`); }); next(); });