元素及其方程式
\(\ce{Na}\)
\[\begin{aligned}
&\ce{4Na +O2\xlongequal{\quad}2Na2O}\\
&\ce{2Na + O2\xlongequal{\Delta}Na2O2}\\
&\ce{2Na + Cl2\xlongequal{\quad}2NaCl}\\
&\ce{2Na + H2O\xlongequal{\quad}2NaOH +H2 ^}\\\\
&\ce{Na2O +H2O\xlongequal{\quad}2NaOH}\\
&\ce{Na2O +CO2\xlongequal{\quad}Na2CO3}\\
&\ce{Na2O +2HCl\xlongequal{\quad}2NaCl +H2O}\\\\
&\ce{2Na2O2 +2H2O\xlongequal{\quad}4NaOH +O2 ^}\\
&\ce{2Na2O2 +2CO2\xlongequal{\quad}2Na2CO3 +O2 ^}\\
&\ce{2Na2O2 +4HCl\xlongequal{\quad}4NaCl +2H2O +O2 ^}\\\\
&\ce{Na2CO3 +HCl_{(少)}\xlongequal{\quad}NaCl +NaHCO3}\\
&\ce{2NaHCO3\xlongequal{\Delta}Na2CO3 +H2O +CO2 ^}\\
&\ce{NaHCO3 +NaOH\xlongequal{\quad}Na2CO3 +H2O}\\\\
&\ce{2NaCl +2H2O\xlongequal{电解}2NaOH +Cl2 ^ +H2 ^}^{[1]}\\
&\ce{2NaOH +Cl2\xlongequal{\quad}NaCl +NaClO +H2O}\\\\
&\ce{NH3 +CO2 +H2O\xlongequal{\quad}NH4HCO3}\\
&\ce{NaCl +NH4HCO3\xlongequal{\quad}NaHCO3 v +NH4Cl}\\
(&\ce{NaCl +H2O +NH3 +CO2\xlongequal{\quad}NaHCO3 v +NH4Cl}^{[2]})
\end{aligned}
\]
[1] 电解食盐水阳极产生 \(\ce{Cl2}\)，阴极产生 \(\ce{H2}\).
[2] 侯氏制碱法的方程式. 必须先通 \(\ce{NH3}\)，有利吸收 \(\ce{CO2}\).
\(\ce{Cl}\)
\[\begin{aligned}
&\ce{Cl2 +2Na\xlongequal{\Delta}2NaCl}\\
&\ce{3Cl2 +2Fe\xlongequal{\Delta}2FeCl3}\\
&\ce{Cl2 +H2\rightleftharpoons HCl +HClO}\\
&\ce{Cl2 +2KI\xlongequal{\quad} I2 +2KCl}\\\\
&\ce{Cl2 +2NaOH\xlongequal{\quad}NaCl +NaClO +H2O}\\
&\ce{2Cl2 +2Ca(OH)2\xlongequal{\quad}CaCl2 +CaClO +2H2O}\\\\
&\ce{NaClO +H2O +CO2\xlongequal{\quad}NaHCO3 +HClO}\\\\
&\ce{4HCl +MnO2\xlongequal{\Delta}Cl2 ^ +MnCl2 +2H2O}
\end{aligned}
\]
\(\ce{Fe}\)
\[\begin{aligned}
&\ce{Fe +H2O\xlongequal{\Delta}Fe3O4 +4H2}\\
&\ce{Fe +2Fe^{3+}\xlongequal{\quad}3Fe^{2+}}\\
&\ce{Fe^{2+} +Cl2\xlongequal{\quad}2Fe^{3+} +2Cl-}\\
&\ce{Fe^{3+} +3SCN- \xlongequal{\quad}Fe(SCN)3}\\\\
&\ce{FeO +2H+\xlongequal{\quad}Fe^{2+} +H2O}\\
&\ce{Fe2O3 +6H+\xlongequal{\quad}2Fe^{3+} +3H2O}\\\\
&\ce{4Fe(OH)2 +O2 +H2O\xlongequal{\quad}4Fe(OH)3}\\
&\ce{4Fe(OH)3\xlongequal{\Delta}Fe2O3 +H2O}
\end{aligned}
\]
\(\ce{Al}\)
\[\begin{aligned}
&\ce{4Al +3O2\xlongequal{\quad}2Al2O3}\\\\
&\ce{2Al +2OH- +6H2O\xlongequal{\quad}2[Al(OH)4]- +3H2 ^}\\
&\ce{Al2O3 +2OH- +3H2O\xlongequal{\quad}2[Al(OH)4]-}\\\\
&\ce{Al^{3+} +3OH- \xlongequal{\quad}Al(OH)3 v}\\
&\ce{Al(OH)3 +OH- \xlongequal{\quad}[Al(OH)4]-}\\\\
&\ce{[Al(OH)4]- +H+ \xlongequal{\quad}Al(OH)3 v +H2O}\\
&\ce{Al(OH)3 +3H+ \xlongequal{\quad}Al^{3+} +3H2O}\\\\
&\ce{[Al(OH)4]-_{(少)} +CO2 \xlongequal{\quad}Al(OH)3 v +HCO3}\\
&\ce{2[Al(OH)4]-_{(多)} +CO2 \xlongequal{\quad}2Al(OH)3 v +H2O +CO2 ^}\\\\
&\ce{2Al(OH)3\xlongequal{\Delta}Al2O3 +3H2O}
\end{aligned}
\]
\(\ce{S}\)
\[\begin{aligned}
\end{aligned}
\]
\(\ce{N}\)
\[\begin{aligned}
&\ce{N2 +O2\xlongequal{放电或高温}2NO}\\
&\ce{N2 +3Mg\xlongequal{点燃}Mg3N2}\\
&\ce{N2 +3H2\rightleftharpoons2NH3}\\\\
&\ce{2NO +O2\xlongequal{\quad}2NO2}\\
&\ce{2NO +2CO\xlongequal{\quad}N2 +2CO2}\\
&\ce{2NO2 +H2O\xlongequal{\quad}HNO3 +NO}\\\\
&\ce{2NO2 +NaOH\xlongequal{\quad}NaNO3 +NaNO2 +H2O}\\
&\ce{NO2 +NO +2NaOH\xlongequal{\quad}2NaNO3 +H2O}\\\\
&\ce{NH3 +HCl\xlongequal{\quad}NH4Cl}\\
&\ce{4NH3 +5O2\xlongequal{\quad}4NO +6H2O}^{[1]}\\\\
&\ce{NH4Cl\xlongequal{\Delta}NH3 ^ +HCl ^}\\
&\ce{NH4HCO3\xlongequal{\Delta}NH3 ^ +CO2 ^ +H2O}\\
&\ce{2NH4Cl +Ca(OH)2\xlongequal{\Delta}CaCl2 + 2H2O + 2NH3 ^}^{[2]}\\
&\ce{4HNO3\xlongequal{\Delta或光照}4NO2 ^ +O2 ^ +2H2O}\\\\
\end{aligned}
\]
[1] 工业制 \(\ce{HNO3}\) 的方程式.
[2] 实验室制 \(\ce{NH3}\) 的方程式.
\(\ce{Si}\)
\[\begin{aligned}
&\ce{Si +2Cl2\xlongequal{高温}SiCl4}\\
&\ce{Si +3HCl\xlongequal{高温}SiHCl3 +H2 ^}\\\\
&\ce{SiO2 +2C\xlongequal{高温}Si +CO ^}\\
&\ce{SiO2 +CaO\xlongequal{高温}CaSiO3}\\
&\ce{SiO2 +Na2CO3\xlongequal{高温}Na2SiO3 +CO2 ^}\\
&\ce{SiO2 +CaCO3\xlongequal{高温}CaSiO3 +CO2 ^}\\
&\ce{SiO2 +2NaOH\xlongequal{\quad}Na2SiO3 +H2O}\\\\
&\ce{Na2SiO3 +2HCl\xlongequal{\quad}H2SiO3 v +2NaCl}^{[1]}\\
&\ce{H2SiO3\xlongequal{\Delta}SiO2 +H2O}
\end{aligned}
\]
[1] \(\ce{H2SiO3}\) 是沉淀酸.
杂项
干燥剂
| 化学式 | 名称 | 备注 |
|---|---|---|
| \(\ce{H2SO4}\) | 浓硫酸 | 强酸性，还原性 |
| \(\ce{P2O5}\) | 五氧化二磷 | 强酸性，干燥性最强 |
| \(\ce{SiO2·nH2O}\) | 硅胶 | 弱酸性 |
| \(\ce{NaOH +CaO}\) | 碱石灰 | 强碱性 |
| \(\ce{CaO}\) | 氧化钙 | 碱性 |
| \(\ce{CaCl2}\) | 无水氯化钙 | 中性，适用除\(\ce{NH3}\)外的所有气体 |
| \(\ce{MgSO4}\) | 无水硫酸镁 | 中性，适用高中所有气体 |
强酸
| 化学式 | 备注 |
|---|---|
| \(\ce{HClO4}\) | 无机含氧酸中酸性最强 |
| \(\ce{H2SO4}\) | 强氧化性，吸水性，脱水性 |
| \(\ce{HCl}\) | 易挥发 |
| \(\ce{HNO3}\) | 易挥发，强氧化性，与金属反应生成\(\ce{NO2/NO}\) |
| \(\ce{HBr}\) | 还原性，易被氧化为 \(\ce{Br2}\) |
| \(\ce{HI}\) | 还原性，易被氧化为 \(\ce{I2}\) |
强碱
| 化学式 | 备注 |
|---|---|
| \(\ce{NaOH}\) | 俗称烧碱/火碱/苛性钠，易潮解 |
| \(\ce{KOH}\) | 易溶，腐蚀性，与 \(\ce{NaOH}\) 化学性质相似 |
| \(\ce{Ba(OH)2}\) | 易溶，可用于检验 \(\ce{SO4^2-}\) |
| \(\ce{Ca(OH)2}\) | 微溶，俗称熟石灰/消石灰，其水溶液为石灰水，可用于检验 \(\ce{CO2}\) |