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【.NET】本地化

news 2026/4/21 0:12:32

本地化

本地化指的是让同一程序在不同语言与文化环境下，以用户习惯的方式呈现界面文本、日期时间、数字货币、排序规则与区域格式
本文只关注界面文本的本地化，一般的做法是把可见文本从代码中抽离成可翻译资源，并在运行时按当前文化和区域加载对应的语言版本

本地化资源文件

当前示例为使用中文简体和美式英文进行本地化
新建名称为MultiLanguage的资源名称类，以及新建两个特定文化嵌入资源文件类MultiLanguage.zh-CN.resx和MultiLanguage.en-US.resx，命名格式为{资源名称}.{文化}-{国家/区域}

  • MultiLanguage
public class MultiLanguage
{
}
  • MultiLanguage.en-US.resx
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<root><!-- Microsoft ResX Schema Version 2.0The primary goals of this format is to allow a simple XML format that is mostly human readable. The generation and parsing of the various data types are done through the TypeConverter classes associated with the data types.Example:... ado.net/XML headers & schema ...<resheader name="resmimetype">text/microsoft-resx</resheader><resheader name="version">2.0</resheader><resheader name="reader">System.Resources.ResXResourceReader, System.Windows.Forms, ...</resheader><resheader name="writer">System.Resources.ResXResourceWriter, System.Windows.Forms, ...</resheader><data name="Name1"><value>this is my long string</value><comment>this is a comment</comment></data><data name="Color1" type="System.Drawing.Color, System.Drawing">Blue</data><data name="Bitmap1" mimetype="application/x-microsoft.net.object.binary.base64"><value>[base64 mime encoded serialized .NET Framework object]</value></data><data name="Icon1" type="System.Drawing.Icon, System.Drawing" mimetype="application/x-microsoft.net.object.bytearray.base64"><value>[base64 mime encoded string representing a byte array form of the .NET Framework object]</value><comment>This is a comment</comment></data>There are any number of "resheader" rows that contain simple name/value pairs.Each data row contains a name, and value. The row also contains a type or mimetype. Type corresponds to a .NET class that support text/value conversion through the TypeConverter architecture. Classes that don't support this are serialized and stored with the mimetype set.The mimetype is used for serialized objects, and tells the ResXResourceReader how to depersist the object. This is currently not extensible. For a given mimetype the value must be set accordingly:Note - application/x-microsoft.net.object.binary.base64 is the format that the ResXResourceWriter will generate, however the reader can read any of the formats listed below.mimetype: application/x-microsoft.net.object.binary.base64value   : The object must be serialized with : System.Runtime.Serialization.Formatters.Binary.BinaryFormatter: and then encoded with base64 encoding.mimetype: application/x-microsoft.net.object.soap.base64value   : The object must be serialized with : System.Runtime.Serialization.Formatters.Soap.SoapFormatter: and then encoded with base64 encoding.mimetype: application/x-microsoft.net.object.bytearray.base64value   : The object must be serialized into a byte array : using a System.ComponentModel.TypeConverter: and then encoded with base64 encoding.--><xsd:schema id="root" xmlns="" xmlns:xsd="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema" xmlns:msdata="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:xml-msdata"><xsd:import namespace="http://www.w3.org/XML/1998/namespace" /><xsd:element name="root" msdata:IsDataSet="true"><xsd:complexType><xsd:choice maxOccurs="unbounded"><xsd:element name="metadata"><xsd:complexType><xsd:sequence><xsd:element name="value" type="xsd:string" minOccurs="0" /></xsd:sequence><xsd:attribute name="name" use="required" type="xsd:string" /><xsd:attribute name="type" type="xsd:string" /><xsd:attribute name="mimetype" type="xsd:string" /><xsd:attribute ref="xml:space" /></xsd:complexType></xsd:element><xsd:element name="assembly"><xsd:complexType><xsd:attribute name="alias" type="xsd:string" /><xsd:attribute name="name" type="xsd:string" /></xsd:complexType></xsd:element><xsd:element name="data"><xsd:complexType><xsd:sequence><xsd:element name="value" type="xsd:string" minOccurs="0" msdata:Ordinal="1" /><xsd:element name="comment" type="xsd:string" minOccurs="0" msdata:Ordinal="2" /></xsd:sequence><xsd:attribute name="name" type="xsd:string" use="required" msdata:Ordinal="1" /><xsd:attribute name="type" type="xsd:string" msdata:Ordinal="3" /><xsd:attribute name="mimetype" type="xsd:string" msdata:Ordinal="4" /><xsd:attribute ref="xml:space" /></xsd:complexType></xsd:element><xsd:element name="resheader"><xsd:complexType><xsd:sequence><xsd:element name="value" type="xsd:string" minOccurs="0" msdata:Ordinal="1" /></xsd:sequence><xsd:attribute name="name" type="xsd:string" use="required" /></xsd:complexType></xsd:element></xsd:choice></xsd:complexType></xsd:element></xsd:schema><resheader name="resmimetype"><value>text/microsoft-resx</value></resheader><resheader name="version"><value>2.0</value></resheader><resheader name="reader"><value>System.Resources.ResXResourceReader, System.Windows.Forms, Version=4.0.0.0, Culture=neutral, PublicKeyToken=b77a5c561934e089</value></resheader><resheader name="writer"><value>System.Resources.ResXResourceWriter, System.Windows.Forms, Version=4.0.0.0, Culture=neutral, PublicKeyToken=b77a5c561934e089</value></resheader><data name="你好，世界" xml:space="preserve"><value>Hello world</value></data><data name="{0}长度只可在{2}到{1}个字符之间" xml:space="preserve"><value>The {0} length can only be between {2} and {1} characters.</value></data>
</root>
  • MultiLanguage.zh-CN.resx
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<root><!-- Microsoft ResX Schema Version 2.0The primary goals of this format is to allow a simple XML format that is mostly human readable. The generation and parsing of the various data types are done through the TypeConverter classes associated with the data types.Example:... ado.net/XML headers & schema ...<resheader name="resmimetype">text/microsoft-resx</resheader><resheader name="version">2.0</resheader><resheader name="reader">System.Resources.ResXResourceReader, System.Windows.Forms, ...</resheader><resheader name="writer">System.Resources.ResXResourceWriter, System.Windows.Forms, ...</resheader><data name="Name1"><value>this is my long string</value><comment>this is a comment</comment></data><data name="Color1" type="System.Drawing.Color, System.Drawing">Blue</data><data name="Bitmap1" mimetype="application/x-microsoft.net.object.binary.base64"><value>[base64 mime encoded serialized .NET Framework object]</value></data><data name="Icon1" type="System.Drawing.Icon, System.Drawing" mimetype="application/x-microsoft.net.object.bytearray.base64"><value>[base64 mime encoded string representing a byte array form of the .NET Framework object]</value><comment>This is a comment</comment></data>There are any number of "resheader" rows that contain simple name/value pairs.Each data row contains a name, and value. The row also contains a type or mimetype. Type corresponds to a .NET class that support text/value conversion through the TypeConverter architecture. Classes that don't support this are serialized and stored with the mimetype set.The mimetype is used for serialized objects, and tells the ResXResourceReader how to depersist the object. This is currently not extensible. For a given mimetype the value must be set accordingly:Note - application/x-microsoft.net.object.binary.base64 is the format that the ResXResourceWriter will generate, however the reader can read any of the formats listed below.mimetype: application/x-microsoft.net.object.binary.base64value   : The object must be serialized with : System.Runtime.Serialization.Formatters.Binary.BinaryFormatter: and then encoded with base64 encoding.mimetype: application/x-microsoft.net.object.soap.base64value   : The object must be serialized with : System.Runtime.Serialization.Formatters.Soap.SoapFormatter: and then encoded with base64 encoding.mimetype: application/x-microsoft.net.object.bytearray.base64value   : The object must be serialized into a byte array : using a System.ComponentModel.TypeConverter: and then encoded with base64 encoding.--><xsd:schema id="root" xmlns="" xmlns:xsd="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema" xmlns:msdata="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:xml-msdata"><xsd:import namespace="http://www.w3.org/XML/1998/namespace" /><xsd:element name="root" msdata:IsDataSet="true"><xsd:complexType><xsd:choice maxOccurs="unbounded"><xsd:element name="metadata"><xsd:complexType><xsd:sequence><xsd:element name="value" type="xsd:string" minOccurs="0" /></xsd:sequence><xsd:attribute name="name" use="required" type="xsd:string" /><xsd:attribute name="type" type="xsd:string" /><xsd:attribute name="mimetype" type="xsd:string" /><xsd:attribute ref="xml:space" /></xsd:complexType></xsd:element><xsd:element name="assembly"><xsd:complexType><xsd:attribute name="alias" type="xsd:string" /><xsd:attribute name="name" type="xsd:string" /></xsd:complexType></xsd:element><xsd:element name="data"><xsd:complexType><xsd:sequence><xsd:element name="value" type="xsd:string" minOccurs="0" msdata:Ordinal="1" /><xsd:element name="comment" type="xsd:string" minOccurs="0" msdata:Ordinal="2" /></xsd:sequence><xsd:attribute name="name" type="xsd:string" use="required" msdata:Ordinal="1" /><xsd:attribute name="type" type="xsd:string" msdata:Ordinal="3" /><xsd:attribute name="mimetype" type="xsd:string" msdata:Ordinal="4" /><xsd:attribute ref="xml:space" /></xsd:complexType></xsd:element><xsd:element name="resheader"><xsd:complexType><xsd:sequence><xsd:element name="value" type="xsd:string" minOccurs="0" msdata:Ordinal="1" /></xsd:sequence><xsd:attribute name="name" type="xsd:string" use="required" /></xsd:complexType></xsd:element></xsd:choice></xsd:complexType></xsd:element></xsd:schema><resheader name="resmimetype"><value>text/microsoft-resx</value></resheader><resheader name="version"><value>2.0</value></resheader><resheader name="reader"><value>System.Resources.ResXResourceReader, System.Windows.Forms, Version=4.0.0.0, Culture=neutral, PublicKeyToken=b77a5c561934e089</value></resheader><resheader name="writer"><value>System.Resources.ResXResourceWriter, System.Windows.Forms, Version=4.0.0.0, Culture=neutral, PublicKeyToken=b77a5c561934e089</value></resheader><data name="你好，世界" xml:space="preserve"><value>你好，世界</value></data><data name="{0}长度只可在{2}到{1}个字符之间" xml:space="preserve"><value>{0}长度只可在{2}到{1}个字符之间</value></data>
</root>

这样在使用IStringLocalizer对应的实例进行本地化时，才会根据文化找到所有命名为MultiLanguage.{文化}*的嵌入资源文件
可以根据项目需要，创建多个资源名称类以及对应资源名称的文化嵌入资源文件类
推荐将本地化资源Key设置为默认的区域和文化翻译文本，这样可在没有命中特定的文化和区域时，不会向用户界面返回显示一个令用户疑惑的本地化资源Key

本地化配置

新建名称为InternationalizationExtension的扩展类，用于配置本地化支持的文化和区域以及自定义文化和区域确认来源中间件
添加本地化服务，进行ResourceManagerStringLocalizerFactory工厂类和StringLocalizer类的依赖注入，.NET默认的本地化资源文件来源是从嵌入资源文件获取，也就是由ResourceManagerStringLocalizerFactory进行对应的嵌入资源管理类的创建来确定的

public static void AddInternationalization(this IServiceCollection services, IMvcBuilder mvcBuilder)
{services.AddLocalization();services.AddSingleton<IStringLocalizer>((sp) =>{var localizer = sp.GetRequiredService<IStringLocalizer<MultiLanguage>>();return localizer;});// 配置数据注解的本地化资源文件来源mvcBuilder.AddDataAnnotationsLocalization(options =>{options.DataAnnotationLocalizerProvider = (type, factory) =>factory.Create(typeof(MultiLanguage));});
}

设置程序支持的文化和区域列表，以及调整文化和区域处理器的执行先后顺序，可根据项目需要进行执行顺序的调整，当前示例中的执行顺序为

  1. 从从查询字符串参数中的culture键和ui-culture键获取文化（默认已添加）
  2. 从cookie中的.AspNetCore.Culture键获取文化（默认已添加）
  3. 从Accept-Language请求头获取文化（默认已添加）
  4. 从路由数据中的键（可自定义名称，以下示例为culture和ui-culture）获取文化（可选）
  5. 自定义（可选）

一般情况下，不需要添加额外的文化和区域处理器，只使用默认的文化和区域处理器，即可满足项目实际需求
调用UseRequestLocalization方法即是使用.NET中自带的文化和区域确认中间件，在其中按照顺序执行文化和区域处理器，将获取到的文化和区域分别赋值给CultureInfo.CurrentCulture和CultureInfo.CurrentUICulture，以便根据当前文化和区域返回对应的本地化内容

public static IApplicationBuilder UseInternationalization(this IApplicationBuilder app)
{var supportLanguages = new[] { "zh-CN", "en-US" };// 设置文化和区域的默认值和支持的文化和区域列表var localizationOptions = new RequestLocalizationOptions().SetDefaultCulture(supportLanguages[0]).AddSupportedCultures(supportLanguages).AddSupportedUICultures(supportLanguages);// 将当前文化信息自动添加到响应头中localizationOptions.ApplyCurrentCultureToResponseHeaders = true;localizationOptions.RequestCultureProviders.Add(new RouteDataRequestCultureProvider(){Options = localizationOptions,RouteDataStringKey = "culture",UIRouteDataStringKey = "ui-culture"});// localizationOptions.RequestCultureProviders.Clear();localizationOptions.RequestCultureProviders.Add(new AppSettingsRequestCultureProvider(){Options = localizationOptions});app.UseRequestLocalization(localizationOptions);return app;
}

从appsetting.json中确认文化和区域

public class AppSettingsRequestCultureProvider : RequestCultureProvider
{public string CultureKey { get; set; } = "Localization:Culture";public string UICultureKey { get; set; } = "Localization:UICulture";public override Task<ProviderCultureResult?> DetermineProviderCultureResult(HttpContext httpContext){if (httpContext == null){throw new ArgumentNullException();}string? culture = null;string? uiCulture = null;var configuration = httpContext.RequestServices.GetService<IConfiguration>();if (configuration != null){culture = configuration[CultureKey];uiCulture = configuration[UICultureKey];}if (culture == null && uiCulture == null){return Task.FromResult((ProviderCultureResult?)null);}if (culture != null && uiCulture == null){uiCulture = culture;}if (culture == null && uiCulture != null){culture = uiCulture;}var providerResultCulture = new ProviderCultureResult(culture, uiCulture);return Task.FromResult((ProviderCultureResult?)providerResultCulture);}
}

appsetting.json

{"Logging": {"LogLevel": {"Default": "Information","Microsoft.AspNetCore": "Warning"}},"AllowedHosts": "*","Localization": {"Culture": "zh-CN","UICulture": "zh-CN"}
}

本地化使用

新建InternationalizationController控制器类和DataAnnotationsTestDto类

[ApiController]
[Route("api/[controller]")]
public class InternationalizationController : Controller
{private readonly IStringLocalizer<MultiLanguage> _stringLocalizer;public InternationalizationController(IStringLocalizer<MultiLanguage> stringLocalizer){_stringLocalizer = stringLocalizer;}[HttpGet("method")]public string GetByMethod(string localizationKey){return _stringLocalizer.GetString(localizationKey);}[HttpGet("index")]public string GetByIndex(string localizationKey){return _stringLocalizer[localizationKey];}[HttpGet("all-culture")]public IEnumerable<string> GetAllCulture(){var cultureNames = CultureInfo.GetCultures(CultureTypes.AllCultures).Select(culture => culture.Name);return cultureNames;}[HttpPost("name")]public string CreateName(DataAnnotationsTestDto input){// logic to create namereturn input.Name;}
}

public class DataAnnotationsTestDto
{[StringLength(64, MinimumLength = 2, ErrorMessage = "{0}长度只可在{2}到{1}个字符之间")]public string Name { get; set; } = null!;
}

常规本地化测试结果如下

DataAnnotations本地化测试结果如下

另外，还有其他本地化资源文件来源，例如从JSON文件中获取、从数据库中获取等来源方式，请自行查阅.NET本地化扩展

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