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[MAF的Agent管道详解-04]如何让LLM按照要求的结构输出数据?

news 2026/5/22 9:20:24

针对IChatClient的结构化输出可以通过调用如下这些重载的GetResponseAsync<T>扩展方法来完成。具体的实现很简单，这些方法最终会利用指定或者默认的JsonSerializerOptions针对泛型参数T生成一个ChatResponseFormatJson对象，并作为ChatOptions的ResponseFormat属性。这个ResponseFormat承载的JSON Schema将提供给LLM指导它按照定义的格式生成输出内容。当IChatClient接收到LLM的响应结果时，利用匹配的JsonSerializerOptions对响应结果进行反序列化后，封装成一个ChatResponse<T>对象返回给调用方。

publicstaticclassChatClientStructuredOutputExtensions{publicstaticTask<ChatResponse<T>>GetResponseAsync<T>(thisIChatClientchatClient,IEnumerable<ChatMessage>messages,ChatOptions?options=null,bool?useJsonSchemaResponseFormat=null,CancellationTokencancellationToken=default(CancellationToken));publicstaticTask<ChatResponse<T>>GetResponseAsync<T>(thisIChatClientchatClient,stringchatMessage,ChatOptions?options=null,bool?useJsonSchemaResponseFormat=null,CancellationTokencancellationToken=default(CancellationToken));publicstaticTask<ChatResponse<T>>GetResponseAsync<T>(thisIChatClientchatClient,ChatMessagechatMessage,ChatOptions?options=null,bool?useJsonSchemaResponseFormat=null,CancellationTokencancellationToken=default(CancellationToken));publicstaticTask<ChatResponse<T>>GetResponseAsync<T>(thisIChatClientchatClient,stringchatMessage,JsonSerializerOptionsserializerOptions,ChatOptions?options=null,bool?useJsonSchemaResponseFormat=null,CancellationTokencancellationToken=default(CancellationToken));publicstaticTask<ChatResponse<T>>GetResponseAsync<T>(thisIChatClientchatClient,ChatMessagechatMessage,JsonSerializerOptionsserializerOptions,ChatOptions?options=null,bool?useJsonSchemaResponseFormat=null,CancellationTokencancellationToken=default(CancellationToken));publicstaticasyncTask<ChatResponse<T>>GetResponseAsync<T>(thisIChatClientchatClient,IEnumerable<ChatMessage>messages,JsonSerializerOptionsserializerOptions,ChatOptions?options=null,bool?useJsonSchemaResponseFormat=null,CancellationTokencancellationToken=default(CancellationToken));}

1. 调用GetResponseAsync方法获取结构化输出

在如下的演示程序中，我们定义了一个描述个人基本信息的Profile类。我们利用OpenAIClient创建了一个IChatClient对象，并调用了GetResponseAsync<Profile>方法来从指定的一段文本中提取个人信息。在得到作为响应的Response<Profile>对象后，利用Result属性提取反序列化响应内容生成的Profile对象，调试断言表明这个Profile对象与我们预设的Profile对象是相等的。

usingdotenv.net;usingMicrosoft.Extensions.AI;usingOpenAI;usingSystem.ClientModel;usingSystem.Diagnostics;usingSystem.Text.Json;DotEnv.Load();varmodel=Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("MODEL")!;varapiKey=Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("API_KEY")!;varopenAIUrl=Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("OPENAI_URL")!;varopenAIClient=newOpenAIClient(credential:newApiKeyCredential(key:apiKey),options:newOpenAIClientOptions{Endpoint=newUri(openAIUrl)});varchatClient=openAIClient.GetResponsesClient().AsIChatClient(defaultModelId:model);varprofile=newProfile{Name="张三",Gender=Gender.Male,Age=26};varprompt="从下面内容中提取有效的个人信息：我叫张三，男，今年26岁";varresponse1=awaitchatClient.GetResponseAsync<Profile>(chatMessage:prompt);Debug.Assert(profile==response1.Result);publicenumGender{Male,Female,}classProfile:IEquatable<Profile>{publicstring?Name{get;set;}publicGenderGender{get;set;}publicintAge{get;set;}publicboolEquals(Profile?other){if(otherisnull)returnfalse;returnName==other.Name&&Gender==other.Gender&&Age==other.Age;}}

对于程序涉及的LLM调用，如下的两段JSON为发送的请求和接收的响应。可以看出针对Profile类型的JSON Schema被包含在发送给LLM的请求中，而LLM生成的响应内容则被成功地反序列化成了一个Profile对象。

{"model":"gpt-5.2-chat","text":{"format":{"type":"json_schema","name":"Profile","schema":{"$schema":"https://json-schema.org/draft/2020-12/schema","type":"object","properties":{"name":{"type":["string","null"]},"gender":{"type":"string","enum":["Male","Female"]},"age":{"type":"integer"}},"additionalProperties":false,"required":["name","gender","age"]}}},"input":[{"type":"message","role":"user","content":[{"type":"input_text","text":"从下面内容中提取有效的个人信息：我叫张三，男，今年26岁"}]}]}
{"id":"resp_0962768f225127bc006a002eb6441881978b7b0150d57cdff9","object":"response","created_at":1778396854,"status":"completed","background":false,"completed_at":1778396858,"content_filters":[{"blocked":false,"source_type":"prompt","content_filter_raw":[],"content_filter_results":{"hate":{"filtered":false,"severity":"safe"},"sexual":{"filtered":false,"severity":"safe"},"violence":{"filtered":false,"severity":"safe"},"self_harm":{"filtered":false,"severity":"safe"}},"content_filter_offsets":{"start_offset":0,"end_offset":585,"check_offset":0}},{"blocked":false,"source_type":"completion","content_filter_raw":[],"content_filter_results":{"hate":{"filtered":false,"severity":"safe"},"sexual":{"filtered":false,"severity":"safe"},"violence":{"filtered":false,"severity":"safe"},"self_harm":{"filtered":false,"severity":"safe"}},"content_filter_offsets":{"start_offset":0,"end_offset":824,"check_offset":0}}],"error":null,"frequency_penalty":0.0,"incomplete_details":null,"instructions":null,"max_output_tokens":null,"max_tool_calls":null,"model":"gpt-5.2-chat","output":[{"id":"rs_0962768f225127bc006a002eb6c400819798b1da517e1a1eda","type":"reasoning","summary":[]},{"id":"msg_0962768f225127bc006a002eba09b48197b34ee13d7b475432","type":"message","status":"completed","content":[{"type":"output_text","annotations":[],"logprobs":[],"text":"{\"name\":\"张三\",\"gender\":\"Male\",\"age\":26}"}],"role":"assistant"}],"parallel_tool_calls":true,"presence_penalty":0.0,"previous_response_id":null,"prompt_cache_key":null,"prompt_cache_retention":null,"reasoning":{"effort":"medium","summary":null},"safety_identifier":null,"service_tier":"default","store":true,"temperature":1.0,"text":{"format":{"type":"json_schema","description":null,"name":"Profile","schema":{"type":"object","properties":{"name":{"type":["string","null"]},"gender":{"type":"string","enum":["Male","Female"]},"age":{"type":"integer"}},"additionalProperties":false,"required":["name","gender","age"]},"strict":true},"verbosity":"medium"},"tool_choice":"auto","tools":[],"top_logprobs":0,"top_p":0.85,"truncation":"disabled","usage":{"input_tokens":69,"input_tokens_details":{"cached_tokens":0},"output_tokens":217,"output_tokens_details":{"reasoning_tokens":192},"total_tokens":286},"user":null,"metadata":{}}

2. 通过设置ChatOptions的ResponseFormat属性来获取结构化输出

GetResponseAsync<T>方法最终会利用指定或者默认的JsonSerializerOptions针对泛型参数T生成一个ChatResponseFormatJson对象，并作为ChatOptions的ResponseFormat属性。当我们直接调用GetResponseAsync方法时，ChatOptions的ResponseFormat属性返回的JSON Schema将作为调用LLM提示词的一部分，用于指导LLM生成符合结构的输出。上面的演示程序与下面这段其实是完全等效的。

usingdotenv.net;usingMicrosoft.Extensions.AI;usingOpenAI;usingSystem.ClientModel;usingSystem.Diagnostics;usingSystem.Text.Json;DotEnv.Load();varmodel=Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("MODEL")!;varapiKey=Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("API_KEY")!;varopenAIUrl=Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("OPENAI_URL")!;varopenAIClient=newOpenAIClient(credential:newApiKeyCredential(key:apiKey),options:newOpenAIClientOptions{Endpoint=newUri(openAIUrl)});varchatClient=openAIClient.GetResponsesClient().AsIChatClient(defaultModelId:model);varoptions=newChatOptions{ResponseFormat=ChatResponseFormat.ForJsonSchema<Profile>()};varresponse=awaitchatClient.GetResponseAsync(chatMessage:prompt,options:options);varprofile2=JsonSerializer.Deserialize<Profile>(response1.Messages.Last().Text,AIJsonUtilities.DefaultOptions);Debug.Assert(profile==newProfile{Name="张三",Gender=Gender.Male,Age=26});publicenumGender{Male,Female,}classProfile:IEquatable<Profile>{publicstring?Name{get;set;}publicGenderGender{get;set;}publicintAge{get;set;}publicboolEquals(Profile?other){if(otherisnull)returnfalse;returnName==other.Name&&Gender==other.Gender&&Age==other.Age;}}
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